The C++11 memory model was first included with thread support in C++11, and then incrementally updated with later revisions. I plan to summarize what I learned, both as a C++ standards committee member, and more recently as a frequent user of this model, mentioning as many of these as I have time for:

The C++ committee began with a view that higher level synchronization facilities like mutexes and barriers should constitute perhaps 90% of thread synchronization, sequentially consistent atomics, maybe another 9%, and weakly ordered atomics the other 1%. What I’ve observed in C++ code is often very far from that. I see roughly as much atomics as mutex use, in spite of some official encouragement to the contrary. Much of that uses weakly ordered atomics. I see essentially no clever lock-free data structures, along the lines of lock-free linked lists in the code I work with. I do see a lot of atomic flags, counters, fixed-size caches implemented with atomics, and the like. Code bases vary, but I think this is not atypical.

In spite of their frequent use, the pay-off from weakly ordered atomics is decreasing, and is much less than it was in Pentium 4 times. The perceived benefit on most modern mainstream CPUs seems to significantly exceed the actual benefit, though probably not so on GPUs. In my mind this casts a bit of doubt on the need to expose dependency-based ordering, as in the unsuccessful memory_order_consume, to the programmer, in spite of an abundance of use cases. Even memory_order_seq_cst is often not significantly slower. I’ll illustrate with a microbenchmark.

We initially knew way too little about implementability on various architectures. This came back to bite us recently [Lahav et al.] This remains scary in places. Hardware constraints forced us into a change that makes the interaction between acquire/release and seq_cst hard to explain, and far less intuitive than I would like. It seems to be generally believed that this is hard or impossible to avoid with very high levels of concurrency, as with GPUs.

We knew at the start that the out-of-thin-air problem would be an issue. We initially tried to side-step it, which was a worse disaster than the current hand-waving. This has not stopped memory_order_relaxed from being widely used. Practical code seems to work, but it is not provably correct given the C++ spec, and I will argue that the line between this and non-working code will inherently remain too fuzzy for working programmers. [P1217]

Unsurprisingly, programmers very rarely read the memory model in the standard. We learned that commonly compiler writers do not either. The real audience for language memory models mostly consists of researchers who generate instruction mapping tables for particular architectures. The translation from a mathematical model to standardese is both error prone, and largely pointless. We need to find a way to avoid the standardese.

Atomics mappings are part of the platform application binary interface, and need to be standardized. They often include arbitrary conventions that need to be consistently followed by all compilers on a system for all programming languages. Later evolution of these conventions is not always practical. I’ll give a recent RISC-V example of such a problem.